Deep Learning - ANN - Artificial Neural Network - Backward Propagation Tutorial

What is BackPropagation?

It is an algorithm to train neural networks. It is the method of fine-tuning the weights of a neural network based on the error rate obtained in the previous epoch (i.e., iteration).

Backpropagation, short for "backward propagation of errors," is an algorithm for supervised learning of artificial neural networks using gradient descent. Given an artificial neural network and an error function, the method calculates the gradient of the error function with respect to the neural network's weights using the chain rule.

Prerequisite-

• Gradient Descent
• Forward Propagation

 

Let's take a small example-

 

Step 0] Initialize w and b with random values i.e w = 1, b = 0

Step 1] Select any point(row from the student table). Let say CGPA = 6.3 and IQ = 100

Step 2] Predict(LPA) using forward propagation.

Let's say the predicted value is 18 and the actual value is 7. which means there is an error, it is because the value of w and b is incorrect(random)

Step 3] Choose a loss function to reduce error. We will select MSE since it is a regression case i.e. L = (Y – Y’)² = (7 – 18)² = 121 is the error for the 1st student.

Based on the error rate we have to adjust L’ (we can’t change L as it is actual data). To change L’ we need to adjust w and b. So the error will be minimal.

Y’ i.e O₂₁ = W²₁₁ O₁₁  + W²₂₁ O₁₂  + b₂₁

O₁₁ = W¹₁₁ IQ + W¹₂₁ CGPA  + b₁₁

O₁₂ = W¹₁₂ IQ + W¹₂₂ CGPA  + b₁₂

 

As we are going in backward direction i.e

from O₂₁  to ‘O₁₁ and O₁₂ ‘ and

from (O₁₁  to ‘W¹₁₁ , W¹₂₁ and b₁₁’  and  O₁₂  to ‘W¹₁₂, W¹₂₂ and b₁₂’) respectively

And there we need to make changes in w and b to reduce loss. Therefore it is called BackPropagation.

Step 4] Weight and bias need to be updated based on Gradient Descent.

$W_{new} = W_{old} - \eta\frac{\delta L}{\delta W_{old}}$

$b_{new} = b_{old} - \eta\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{old}}$

As O₂₁ depend on W²₁₁, W²₂₁, b₂₁, O₁₁ and O₁₂ 

Therefore to update O₂₁, we need to update W²₁₁ as, $W^2_{11new} = W^2_{11old} - \eta\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^2_{11}}$to update W^2₂₁ as $W^2_{21new} = W^2_{21old} - \eta\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^2_{21}}$ and to update b₂₁ a $b_{21new} = b_{21old} - \eta\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{21}}$

we already have W_old = 1 taken in step 0] $\eta - \text{value is 0.01}$ and we only need to find $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^2_{11}}$ i.e derivative of loss with respect to weight

In the above image, there is 9 weight and bias. Hence, we need to calculate the derivative of Loss with respect to each weight and bias using the chain rule of differentiation.

$[\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^2_{11}}, \frac{\delta L}{\delta W^2_{21}},\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{21}}],[\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{11}},\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{21}},\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{11}}],[\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{12}},\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{22}},\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{12}}]$

what is dy/dy - when we make any changes in x, then how much amount of changes will happen in y

Let's try to find out the derivative of L with respect to W²₁₁ -

$\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^2_{11}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta W^2_{11}}$ - Chain rule of differentiation(i.e on changing W²₁₁ how much Y' will change and on changing Y' how much L will change)

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} = \frac{\delta (Y - Y')^2}{\delta Y'} = -2 (Y - Y')$ 

$\frac{\delta Y'}{\delta W^2_{11}} = \frac{\delta [O_{11}W^2_{11} + O_{12}W^2_{21} + b_{21}]}{\delta W^2_{11}} = O_{11}$

$\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^2_{11}} = -2(Y-Y')O_{11}$

 

  Let's try to find out the derivative of L with respect to W²₂₁ -

$\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^2_{21}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta W^2_{21}}$ 

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} = \frac{\delta (Y - Y')^2}{\delta Y'} = -2 (Y - Y')$ 

$\frac{\delta Y'}{\delta W^2_{21}} = \frac{\delta [O_{11}W^2_{11} + O_{12}W^2_{21} + b_{21}]}{\delta W^2_{21}} = O_{12}$

$\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^2_{21}} = -2(Y-Y')O_{12}$

 

 

   Let's try to find out the derivative of L with respect to b₂₁ -

$\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{21}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta b_{21}}$ 

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} = \frac{\delta (Y - Y')^2}{\delta Y'} = -2 (Y - Y')$ 

$\frac{\delta Y'}{\delta b_{21}} = \frac{\delta [O_{11}W^2_{11} + O_{12}W^2_{21} + b_{21}]}{\delta b_{21}} = 1$

$\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{21}} = -2(Y-Y')$

 

 

Similarly, we can find other remaining 6 derivatives like this-

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{11}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta O_{11}}\times \frac{\delta O_{11}}{\delta W^1_{11}}$ 

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{21}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta O_{11}}\times \frac{\delta O_{11}}{\delta W^1_{21}}$ 

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{11}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta O_{11}}\times \frac{\delta O_{11}}{\delta b_{11}}$ 

 

 

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{12}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta O_{12}}\times \frac{\delta O_{12}}{\delta W^1_{12}}$ 

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{22}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta O_{12}}\times \frac{\delta O_{12}}{\delta W^1_{22}}$ 

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{12}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta O_{12}}\times \frac{\delta O_{12}}{\delta b_{12}}$ 

 

 $\frac{\delta Y'}{\delta O_{11}} = \frac{\delta [W^2_{11}O_{11} + W^2_{21} O_{21}+ b_{21}]}{\delta O_{11}} = W^2_{11}$

  $\frac{\delta Y'}{\delta O_{12}} = \frac{\delta [W^2_{11}O_{11} + W^2_{21} O_{21}+ b_{21}]}{\delta O_{12}} = W^2_{21}$

 

  $\frac{\delta O_{11}}{\delta W^1_{11}} = \frac{\delta [IQ.W^1_{11} + CGPA.W^1_{21} + b_{11}]}{\delta W^1_{11}} = IQ$ let's say it is a Xi1

   $\frac{\delta O_{11}}{\delta W^1_{21}}$ let's say it is a Xi2

  $\frac{\delta O_{11}}{\delta b_{21}}$ = 1

 

 

  $\frac{\delta O_{11}}{\delta W^1_{12}} = \frac{\delta [IQ.W^1_{12} + CGPA.W^1_{22} + b_{12}]}{\delta W^1_{12}} = IQ$ let's say it is a Xi1

   $\frac{\delta O_{12}}{\delta W^1_{22}}$ let's say it is a Xi2

  $\frac{\delta O_{12}}{\delta b_{12}}$ = 1

 

Therefore,

 

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{11}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta O_{11}}\times \frac{\delta O_{11}}{\delta W^1_{11}}$ = -2(Y - Y') W²₁₁ X_i1

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{21}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta O_{11}}\times \frac{\delta O_{11}}{\delta W^1_{21}}$ = -2(Y - Y') W²₁₁ X_i2

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{11}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta O_{11}}\times \frac{\delta O_{11}}{\delta b_{11}}$  = -2(Y - Y') W²₁₁

 

 

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{12}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta O_{12}}\times \frac{\delta O_{12}}{\delta W^1_{12}}$ = -2(Y - Y') W²₂₁ X_i1

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{22}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta O_{12}}\times \frac{\delta O_{12}}{\delta W^1_{22}}$ = -2(Y - Y') W²₂₁ X_i2

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{12}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta O_{12}}\times \frac{\delta O_{12}}{\delta b_{12}}$  = -2(Y - Y') W²₂₁

 

Summarizing Back Propagation Algorithm

epochs = 5

for i in range(epochs):

for j in range(X, Shape[0]):

-> Select 1 row(random)

-> Predict using forward propagation

-> Calculate loss using loss function - MSE

-> Update weights and bias using Gradient Descent

 $W_{new} = W_{old} - \eta\frac{\delta L}{\delta W_{old}}$

-> Calculate the average loss for the epoch

 

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^2_{21}}$ = -2(Y - Y') O₁₁

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^2_{21}}$ = -2(Y - Y') O₁₂

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{21}}$  = -2(Y - Y')

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{11}}$ = -2(Y - Y') W²₁₁ X_i1

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{21}}$ = -2(Y - Y') W²₁₁ X_i2

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{11}}$  = -2(Y - Y') W²₁₁

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{12}}$ = -2(Y - Y') W²₂₁ X_i1

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{22}}$ = -2(Y - Y') W²₂₁ X_i2

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{12}}$  = -2(Y - Y') W²₂₁

 

 

BackPropagation Regression Practical

 

Classification Example

We will use the Activation Function as the Sigmoid Function and the loss function as Binary Cross Entropy. Rest all process will be same as Regression

BackPropagation Classification Practical

 

Z = W¹₁₁ x CGPA + W¹₂₁ x IQ + b₁₁

Addition step in case of classification - we need to pass the Z in sigma(sigmoid function) i.e $\sigma(Z) = O_{11}$ to get the final Output

 In the above image, there is 9 weight and bias. Hence, we need to calculate the derivative of Loss with respect to each weight and bias using the chain rule of differentiation.

$[\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^2_{11}}, \frac{\delta L}{\delta W^2_{21}},\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{21}}],[\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{11}},\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{21}},\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{11}}],[\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{12}},\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{22}},\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{12}}]$

what is dy/dy - when we make any changes in x, then how much amount of changes will happen in y

L = -y log(y') - (1 - y) log(1 - y')

Let's try to find out the derivative of L with respect to W²₁₁ -

$\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^2_{11}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta Z} \times \frac{\delta Z}{\delta W^2_{11}}$ - Chain rule of differentiation(i.e on changing W²₁₁ how much Z will change and on changing Z how much Y' will change and on changing Y' how much L will change)

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} = \frac{\delta [\text{-y log(y') - (1-y) log(1-y)}]}{\delta Y'}$ 

$=\frac{-y}{y'} + \frac{1-y}{1-y'} = \frac{-y(1-y') + y'(1-y)}{y'(1-y')}$

 $= \frac{-y+yy' + y'-yy'}{y'(1-y')} = \frac{-(y-y')}{y'(1-y')}$

$\frac{\delta Y'}{\delta Z} = \frac{\delta (\sigma(Z))}{\delta Z} = \sigma(Z)[{1 - \sigma(Z)}] = Y'(1 - Y')$

 

$\frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'}\times\frac{\delta Y'}{\delta Z} = \frac{-(Y-Y')}{Y'(1 - Y')}\times Y'(1 - Y') = -(Y-Y')$

 

$\frac{\delta Z}{\delta W^2_{11}} = \frac{\delta (W^2_{11}O_{11} + W^2_{21}O_{12} + b_{21})}{\delta W^2_{11}} = O_{11}$

 

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^2_{11}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta Z} \times \frac{\delta Z}{\delta W^2_{11}} = {-(Y - Y')}O_{11}$ 

 

  Let's try to find out the derivative of L with respect to W²₂₁ -

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^2_{21}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta Z} \times \frac{\delta Z}{\delta W^2_{21}}$ 

 $\frac{\delta Z}{\delta W^2_{21}} = \frac{\delta (W^2_{11}O_{11} + W^2_{21}O_{12} + b_{21})}{\delta W^2_{21}} = O_{12}$

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^2_{21}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta Z} \times \frac{\delta Z}{\delta W^2_{21}} = {-(Y - Y')}O_{12}$ 

 

 

   Let's try to find out the derivative of L with respect to b₂₁ -

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{21}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta Z} \times \frac{\delta Z}{\delta b_{21}}$ 

  $\frac{\delta Z}{\delta b_{21}} = \frac{\delta (W^2_{11}O_{11} + W^2_{21}O_{12} + b_{21})}{\delta b_{21}} = 1$

  $\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{21}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta Z} \times \frac{\delta Z}{\delta b_{21}} = {-(Y - Y')}$ 

 

 

 

Z_f = W²₁₁O₁₁ + W²₂₁O₁₂ + b₂₁

 

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{11}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta Z_{f}}\times \frac{\delta Z_{f}}{\delta W^1_{11}}$ 

 $\frac{\delta Z_f}{\delta W^1_{11}} = \frac{\delta Z_f}{\delta O_{11}} \times \frac{\delta O_{11}}{\delta Z_{prev}}\times \frac{\delta Z_{prev}}{\delta W^1_{11}}$ 

= W²₁₁.O₁₁(1 - O₁₁).X_i1

_therefore 

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{11}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta Z_{f}}\times \frac{\delta Z_{f}}{\delta W^1_{11}}$ = -(Y - Y') W²₁₁O₁₁(1 - O₁₁)X_i1

_Similarly

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{21}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta Z_{f}}\times \frac{\delta Z_{f}}{\delta W^1_{21}}$ = -(Y - Y') W²₁₁O₁₁(1 - O₁₁)X_i2

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{11}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta Z_{f}}\times \frac{\delta Z_{f}}{\delta b_{11}}$  = -(Y - Y') W²₁₁O₁₁(1 - O₁₁)

 

 

Z_f = W²₁₁O₁₁ + W²₂₁O₁₂ + b₂₁

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{12}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta Z_{f}}\times \frac{\delta Z_{f}}{\delta W^1_{12}}$ 

 $\frac{\delta Z_f}{\delta W^1_{12}} = \frac{\delta Z_f}{\delta O_{12}} \times \frac{\delta O_{12}}{\delta Z_{prev}}\times \frac{\delta Z_{prev}}{\delta W^1_{12}}$ 

= W²₂₁.O₁₂(1 - O₁₂).X_i1

_therefore 

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{11}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta Z_{f}}\times \frac{\delta Z_{f}}{\delta W^1_{12}}$ = -(Y - Y') W²₂₁O₁₂(1 - O₁₂)X_i1

_Similarly

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{22}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta Z_{f}}\times \frac{\delta Z_{f}}{\delta W^1_{22}}$ = -(Y - Y') W²₂₁O₁₂(1 - O₁₂)X_i2

 $\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{12}} = \frac{\delta L}{\delta Y'} \times \frac{\delta Y'}{\delta Z_{f}}\times \frac{\delta Z_{f}}{\delta b_{12}}$  = -(Y - Y') W²₂₁O₁₂(1 - O₁₂)

 

 

Why BackPropagation?

The loss function is a function of all trainable parameters

L = (Y - Y')

but Y is a constant

Hence, L is a function of Y'

 

Y' = W²₁₁O₁₁  + W²₂₁O₁₂ + b₂₁

Y' = W²₁₁[W¹₁₁X_i1 + W¹₂₁X_i2 + b₁₁] + W²₂₁[W¹₁₂X_i1 + W¹₂₂X_i2 + b₁₂] + b₁₂​​​​

 

From the above formula, it says that the loss function = Y – Y', where Y is the constant actual value and Y’ is the predicted value. hence Loss function is the only function of Y'. But Y' depends on all 9 trainable parameters.

Hence, we can also say Loss function is a function of all trainable parameters. All 9 parameters will act as a knob for the loss function, through which we can increase or decrease the loss.

 

Concept Of Gradient

If our mathematical function depend on only one thing such y = f(x) = x² + x, then we find derivative of y i.e dy/dx = d(fx)/dx = d(x² + x)/dx = 2x+1

But if our mathematical function depends on two things such as z = f(x,y) = x² + y². therefore we will call it a partial derivative(gradient)

Then,$\frac{\delta z}{\delta x} = 2x$  and $\frac{\delta z}{\delta y} = 2y$

Similarly, our loss function depends on 9 trainable parameters, hence we need to find a partial derivative of loss with respect to all trainable parameters. That is why it is called gradient (partial derivative)

 

Concept Of Derivative-

A derivative is the rate of change both magnitude-wise and sign-wise with respect to a variable.

dy/dx = 4, which means changing the x parameter by 1 unit will also make changes in the y parameter by 4 units.

 

Concept Of Minima-

Minima can be found by taking the value of the derivative equal to zero.

In image 1^st we need to calculate dy/dx and assign it with zero. whatever the value of x our minima will lie on that point.

In image 2^nd example for equation Z = X² + Y²,  Z will be minimum, only when the x and y both equal to 0.

 

Therefore, we need to find 9 derivatives by assigning them with zero with respect to loss. So that we can get minimum loss.

$\frac{\delta L}{\delta W^1_{11}},....\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{12}}=0$

 

BackPropagation Intuition-

W_new  = W_old - $\eta \frac{\delta L}{\delta W} \text{, as }\eta \text{=1}$

therefore, W_new  = W_old - $\frac{\delta L}{\delta W}$

we need to repeat the below step 9 times(i.e 6 Weight and 3 Bias)

$b_{21} = b_{21} - \frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{21}}$

if $\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{21}}$ (slope) is +ve then b₂₁ will move in the negative direction and if $\frac{\delta L}{\delta b_{21}}$ (slope) is -ve then b₂₁ will move in the positive direction. So that loss will be minimal.

Effect Of Learning Rate($\eta$)

Without a learning rate, there is a high chance of parameter (W or b) to shoot out i.e. moving from +ve point to extreme negative direction OR moving from -ve point to extreme positive direction. Due to this slope will not reach a minimum and we will never get a minimum loss.

Therefore learning rate is required so that the slope will be reduced/increased slowly and reach to a minimum.

Generally  Learning Rate($\eta$) should be 0.1 

If it is very less like 0.01 then it will not converge to a minima

If it is very high like 1 then it will shoot out from a minima.

Optimizing Learning Rate

Learning Rate($\eta$) = 0.01  - It will take too long to reach the minimum loss.

 

 

Learning Rate($\eta$) = 0.1  - It will reach the minimum loss in fewer steps.

 

 

Learning Rate($\eta$) = 1  - It will never reach the minimum loss.

 

What is Convergence?

Convergence refers to the stable point found at the end of a sequence of solutions via an iterative optimization algorithm.